Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, are devices used to control the flow of traffic at intersections. They work based on a system of lights of different colors, where each color indicates a different command:

 

Red: Stop

Yellow: Prepare to stop

Green: Go

The operation of traffic lights involves a combination of electronic components and software, and can be as simple or complex as needed. Here’s a basic overview of how they work:

 

Signal Timing Plans: The most basic way to control traffic lights is through a signal timing plan. This plan determines how long the light stays green in each direction. The order of these phases creates a cycle that repeats itself throughout the day.

Traffic Sensors: Most traffic lights use sensors to detect vehicles waiting at a light. These sensors can be digital sensors mounted on the lights themselves, or inductive loops embedded in the surface of the road. These sensors allow the traffic system to monitor vehicles occupying the intersection and help traffic flow smoothly.

Control Systems: The control electronics that run the actual traffic light itself are usually housed in a cabinet or box nearby the intersection1. These systems receive data from the sensors and use it to adjust the timing of the lights, ensuring that traffic flows as efficiently as possible.

Adjustments Based on Traffic Conditions: Traffic engineers can tweak the timing of the cycle to better suit the conditions at the intersection throughout the day. For example, during peak traffic hours, the green light duration might be increased to allow more cars to pass.

In large cities, traffic lights may operate on timers due to consistent high traffic volumes. However, in suburbs and on country roads, traffic lights commonly use detectors to adjust to varying traffic conditions.